Bibliography

A

L. Adelson.
A microscopic study of dermal gunshot wounds.
Amer. J. Clin. Pathol., 35:393-402, 1961.

B

J. C. Beyer (ed.)
Wound Ballistics.
Office of the Surgeon General, Dept. Army, Washington D.C., 1962.

C

H. Chen.
Report on the ballistics properties in the March 19 incident.
June, 2004.

CIB1

Criminal Investigation Bureau (CIB) Forensic Identification Division.
Crime Scene Inspection and Physical Evidence Identification for Case 0319.
August, 2004.

CIB2

CIB.
Report on the Shooting Experiment for the March 19 Shooting Incident.
August 18, 2004.

CIB3

CIB.
Answers to questions from Legislator Chou Hsih-Wei on May 31, 2004.
Letter from CIB to Legislator Chou Hsih-Wei, 3 pages, hand-delivered in June, 2004.

G

R. W. Gurney.
A new casualty criterion.
Ballistic Research Laboratory Report No. 498, Aberdeen, 1944.

H

F. C. Hendriques.
Studies of thermal injury, Part V. The predictability and the significance of thermally induced rate processes leading to irreversible epidermal injury.
Arch. Pathol, 43:489-502, 1947.

HM

F. C. Hendriques Jr. and A. R. Moritz.
Studies of thermal injury, Part I. The condition of heat to and through skin and the temperature attained therin. A theoretical and experimental investigation.
Amer. J. Pathol., 23:531-549, 1947.

JGP

C. Journée, G. Guy and R. Piedelievre.
Les projectiles, vecteurs de microbes.
Ann. méd. lég., 10:667-672, 1930.

L1

L. A. Lagarde.
Can a septic bullet infect a gunshot wound?
New York Medical Journal, 56:458-464, 1892.

L2

L. A. Lagarde.
Septic bullets and septic powders.
New York Medical Record, 17:25, 1895.

L3

L. A. Lagarde.
Gunshot Injuries, 2nd ed.
William Wood and Co., New York, 1916.

DM

V. J. M. Di Maio.
Gunshot Wounds, 2nd ed.
CRC Press, 1999.

LM

W. Lampel and G. Seitz.
Jagdballistik.
Verlag Neumann-Neudamm, 3. Auflage, 1983.

L1

H. Lee et al.
Select Committee Report on Investigation of Shooting Incident of President Chen Shui-bian and Vice-President Annette Lu.
Submitted by Forensic Research and Training Center, Nov. 10, 2004.

L2

H. Lee et al.
Select Committee Report on Investigation of Shooting Incident of President Chen Shui-bian and Vice-President Anette Lu, unsigned final draft.
Submitted by Forensic Research and Training Center, Aug. 27, 2004.
Released by the Taiwan High Court, Nov. 4, 2004.

L3

H. Lee et al., J. Chen (transl.).
Select Committee Report on Investigation of Shooting Incident of President Chen Shui-bian and Vice-President Annette Lu, unsigned final draft.
Submitted by Forensic Research and Training Center, Aug. 27, 2004.
Chinese translation by Julie Chen (Cheng Xiaoguei), head of the CIB Forensic Identification Division.
Released by the Taiwan High Court, Nov. 4, 2004.

MSW

W. Marty, T. Sigrist and D. Wyler.
Measurement of the skin temperature at the entry wound by means of infrared thermography.
Amer. J. Forensic Med. Pathol., 15:1-4, 1994.

NC

E. Y.-K. Ng and L. T. Chua.
Quick numerical assessment of skin burn injury with spreadsheet in PC.
J. Mech. in Medicine and Biology., 1:1-10, 2001.

P

H. H. Pennes.
Analysis of tissue and arterial temperature in resting human forearm. J. Appl. Phisiol., 2:93-122, 1948.

SK

K. G. Sellier and B. P. Kneubuehl.
Wound Ballistics and the Scientific Background.
Translated from ``Wundballistik und ihre ballistischen Grundlagen'', published by Springer in 1992.
Elsevier, 1994.

THC

Taiwanese High Court.
Verdict of the Taiwanese High Court, on the litigation to nullify the election of Chen Shui-bian in the 2004 Presidential Election, November 4th, 2004.

TD

F. P. Thoresby and H. M. Darlow.
The mechanism of primary infection of bullet wounds.
Brit. J. Surg., 54:359-361, 1967.

THLW

H. M. Tian, M. J. Huang and Y. Q. Liu and Z. G. Wang.
Primary bacterial contamination of wound track.
Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl., 508:265-269, 1982.

WBSH

A. W. Wolf, D. R. Benson, H. Shoji and P. Hoeprich.
Autosterilisation in low velocity bullets.
J. Trauma, 18:63, 1978.

Y

Y.
Abstract of terminal ballistics experiments: A study of the three improbable attributes in the ``second shot'' of the March 19 incidents based on damage to clothing and abdomen.
Presented by the office of Legislator Chou Hsih-Wei, August 2004.
Filed as evidence B-55 to the Taiwanese High Court on by the plaintiff in the litigation to nullify the election of Chen Shui-bian in the 2004 Presidential Election.

Convention on Romanization of Chinese Names

The official spelling in English (often following the Wade-Giles romanization systems) of a person's will be used, with the spelling in the pinyin system in parentheses. The pinyin system will be used when we are unable to find the official spelling. The family name precedes the given name. For instance, Hou is the family name of Hou Youyi.

Terminology

cartridge

A cartridge normally consists of four different parts: the projectile, the propellant, the cartridge case, and the primer.

bullet

The projectile of a cartridge that leaves the muzzle of a firearm when it discharges.

propellant

The actual source of energy of a firearm that accelerates the bullet to a certain velocity. The ``smokeless powder'' has almost completely replaced black powder as a propellant.

black powder

The standard composition of the black powder is:
75% potassium nitrate ( ${\mathrm{KNO}}_3$), 15% charcoal ( ${\mathrm{C}}$), 10% sulfur ( ${\mathrm S}$).

smokeless powder

Modern propellant for small firearms, either nitrocellulose powder (nc) or nitroglycerine powder (ngl).

primer

The primer is the chemical mix in the ignition system of a cartridge.

terminal ballistics

Terminal ballistics studies the penetration of the projectile into the target.

wound ballistics

Wound ballistics is a part of terminal ballistics, concerning the penetration and the effect of a projectile when the target consists of biological tissues.

yaw

The yaw, or degree of yaw, of a bullet is the deviation of the long axis of the bullet from its line of flight.

tumbling

Tumbling refers to the rotation of a bullet around a lateral axis through its center of mass; it is caused by the yawing moment.⁷⁸

rifling

The rifling of a gun barrel consists of the spiral grooves in the interior of the barrel, and the metal left between the grooves--the lands. A smoothbore barrel is one without rifling.

threshold velocity

A property of skin, gelatin, soap or bone is that a projectile with a speed below a certain velocity, called the threshold velocity, cannot penetrate them; see [SK, pp. 217-240], [DM, pp. 258-260]. The threshold velocity depends on the mechanical property of the target as well as the hardness and the shape of the projectile. Of course for a given projectile, the velocity is closely related to the kinetic energy, and also to the kinetic energy per unit area. With the target (skin, gelatin, etc.) fixed, while the projectile varies, the kinetic energy per unit area is a more important factor for penetration, compared with either the velocity or the kinetic energy of the projectile. See Tables 6.1.2 and 6.1.3a of [SK] for threshold energy density and threshold velocity for various projectiles to penetrate human skin. For instance the threshold energy density for a .38-special round nose bullet is $19.1\ {\rm J}/{\rm cm}^2$, and the threshold velocity is $58 {\rm m}/{\rm s}$; see also [DM, p. 250].